Wildly Dangerous Things That Happened On The Set Of The Wizard Of Oz, she was required to take extreme measures to make her body appear younger. Although the film stands as an audience favorite today; audiences might not enjoy the picture so much if they knew about the dark side of its production. Judy also continued to suffer from self-esteem issues of the emotional abuse that she encounter through her handlers during The Wizard of Ozs production. When she turned 18, LeRoy got her a Screen Actors Guild card. After a visit to Israel, she was determined to start her own falafel company, Tammone said. Number 5 WON . For starters, the white snow that fell on the actors during the famous poppy field scene was actually pure asbestos. However, the director called for another take. The production of The Wizard of Oz had a lasting affect on Judy Garland. Number 5 WONT surprise you, 2. The Wizard of Oz (1939) Full Cast & Crew See agents for this cast & crew on IMDbPro Directed by Writing Credits Cast (in credits order) verified as complete Produced by Music by Cinematography by Harold Rosson . "Really Most Sincerely, Still a Munchkin." Over the course of filming, the suit apparently got incredibly disgusting, exacerbating Berts poor health. The Original Tin Man Was Hospitalized After a Makeup Disaster. That anyone could believe a scene featuring a real suicide would have been left intact in a classic film for over fifty years is simply incredible. http://www.amazon.com/Hell-Comes-Hollywood-Twenty-Two-Tinseltown/dp/0985129581/ref=la_B004QJ1YTC_1_1?s=books\u0026ie=UTF8\u0026qid=1412621204\u0026sr=1-1 She was 95. While filming the scene in which the witch disappears in a flash of smoke, the effects crew started their fire before actor Margaret Hamilton had enough time to safely exit the stage. Can you find an excuse to get out of going to Calgary Pride? However, Tammone said people started reaching out to Glass and asking for autographs since the 80s. About; Contact; The studio, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, outbid 20th Century Fox for the movie rights. While Robert Urich was famous for doing battle with tough foes on the screen. They told me to get the hell back to work, Ebsen said. The witch disappears in a puff of smoke, which required real pyrotechnics. Filming & Production http://patch.com/california/lagunaniguel-danapoint/life-beyond-the-yellow-brick-road, Munchkin (child) - played a munchkin villager, can be seen in the background with the other munchkin villagersHere's a recent picture of Ms. Dondanville Todd (from 2016): In May 2018, the last surviving actor to play a Munchkin in the film, Jerry Maren, passed away aged 97. With one of the stars that had the worst luck on the set of the feature being actress Margaret Hamilton. Linda Tammone sorted through the last box of her mothers belongings at Covenant Shores retirement community. Madison Miller / staff photo, Meredythe Glass was one of the green ladies in the Emerald City in the 1939 movie, The Wizard of Oz. Photo courtesy of Greg Asimakoupoulos. The show followed widowed aeronautical engineer named Steven Douglas and his three sons. The Wizard of Oz is one of the most beloved films of all time, but the production of the Judy Garland classic did not come easy. Chicago | 1.3K views, 26 likes, 4 loves, 3 comments, 3 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Broadway In Chicago: Join Kyle Adams (Grantaire) from Les Misrables US as he takes us through a two show day. Hassan The exploitation of an already beleaguered minority should be remembered and analysed without a sinister tall tale tainting their legacy. Now, rumor has it that a small munchkin can be spotted in the background. Auntie Em was played by Clara Blandick, an actress born in 1880 in a ship off the coast of Hong Kong. The scene had to be perform by Margarets stunt double instead; who ended up receiving lifelong scars when the smoke machine exploded underneath her during filming. The set of the film proved the perfect environment for the cast to receive some pretty serious injuries. The performers playing the Winged Monkeys held aloft by piano wires. The studio also put Garland on a weight control diet that no modern dietician in their right mind would ever recommend. Of course, the film is also notorious for exacerbating both Judy Garlands use of amphetamines and barbiturates prescribed to her at the behest of Louis B Mayer in order to increase the young stars productivity on set and her self-image issues. Meredythe Glass was one of the last surviving cast members of The Wizard of Oz. She died on Saturday at age 98. Oak Island is a privately owned island that sits off the coast of Nova Scotia in Canada. One night during the rehearsal period, Buddy Ebsen woke up in bed, according to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, screaming from violent cramping in his hands, arms, and legs. Never had to be hospitalize as a result of filming The Wizard of Oz. Any time she would see a child, whether in a park or a grocery store, shed be ready to make them a balloon animal, she said. In the scene in which Dorothy is awakened in a poppy field by a blanket of snow engineered by Glinda the Good Witch, production reportedly used chrysotile asbestos. More Fantasy Movies. 7.6K Followers. It was only when the film was released on home video that the legend really took on a life of its own. 817 Views. Facts Verse Mercer Islanders garner 16 awards in New York City. January 27, 2023, 6:25 pm, Trending 20 December 1996 (p. 90). Even so, the costume sold at auction in 2014 for $3 million. But the production certainly took a toll on the performers health. March 28, 2021, 6:21 am, by Garland, as well as alleging that many of the Munchkins groped her, recalled them as drunks who got smashed every night and the police had to scoop them up in butterfly nets. Make-up artist Jack Dawn once told the story of a German little person who got drunk, fell into a toilet and had to be rescued. I started running around my best friend's house and I hit the wall. Sadly, this wasn't a new thing for Garland, as her mother was known to give her what she called "pep pills" when she performed as a young child. He pocketed 50 per cent. In addition to her continued drug use. I found her to be fiercely independent, she said. The Professor 3. Here is the High Def Clip To prove it there is no hangin scene in the movie. This sequence begins with Dorothy and the Scarecrow trying to pick fruit from the talking apple trees, encompasses their discovery of the rusted tin man and their encounter with the Wicked Witch of the West (who tries to set the Scarecrow on fire), and ends with the trio heading off to Oz in search of the Wizard: I just recently was crashing in at my best friend's house and we decided to watch The Wizard of Oz. 3. Facts Verse One of the most ubiquitous of film legends holds that a munchkin hanged himself on-camera during the filming of 'The Wizard of Oz.' David Mikkelson Published Dec 12, 1997 Advertisment: Claim: A. But you wanna feel old? Roughly a quarter million of these unlucky souls sustain injuries so severe that they end up dying. Flippo asked Parton about what the most outrageous thing shed [] More, Robert Urich was known throughout the world as a tough guy. Multiple cast members nearly died during the film's production. Betty Danko, Hamilton's stunt double, was tasked with filming the next scene that required fire, and that scene also went horribly wrong. Exploring the unlikely origins and surprising evolution of a worldwide cultural phenomenon. Everyone knows the beloved Hollywood classic The Wizard Of Oz. Wicked Witch Margaret Hamilton also spent time in the hospital, suffering second-degree burns on her face and third-degree burns on her hand. I died in a fire. Margaret Hamilton may have played the Wicked Witch of the East, but she was a good person in real life. When he had difficulty breathing, his wife called an ambulance and rushed him to the hospital. The Alleged Sighting, Theories, and Explanation He is force to wear during rehearsals made him unable to perform for a period of time. I then got the courage to watch the movie again. Dorothy's beloved guardian, and the husband of sweet but firm Auntie Em. Tragically, the accomplished actress committed suicide in 1962. The glorious, all-American fantasy land of Oz retains its power to charm despite a few questionable ideas. However, the door malfunctioned, and Hamilton suffered second- and third-degree burns on her face and hands. The answer is yes. Buddy Ebsen name of the actor that is originally cast in the role of the Tin Man. Scholarly Munchkins, an Encounter with Clark Gable, and More Surprises from the Set of, What Really Happened During the Making of. When The Wizard of Oz was re-released in 1989 for its 50th anniversary, the confusing footage had been cleaned up. He is the first friend that Dorothy meets, and he is someone who wants to find a brain, in order to be a little smarter. Her stunt-double, Betty Danko, subsequently spent 11 days in the hospital after the broomstick she was sat on basically a painted smoking pipe exploded. After Hollywood, Glass became a psychiatric technician at Napa State Hospital and was later promoted to a psychiatric group therapist at Stockton State Hospital. 7.4K 948K views 8 years ago Here's the original scene from "The Wizard of Oz" showing the munchkin that committed suicide on-screen by hanging! Although The Wizard of Oz may seem innocent on its surface. We saw the footage closely and they even showed us before shots of the person. Wicked Witch/Miss Gulch. Though the aluminum makeup was changed, it still caused Haley a serious eye infection. According to History of Yesterday, Judy Garland hadn't been the top choice to play Dorothy. For starters, the white snow that fell on the actors during the famous poppy field scene was actually pure asbestos. And whether one believes that the figure on the film is a munchkin or a stagehand, it is simply impossible that a human being could have fallen onto a set actively being used for filming, and yet none of the dozens of people present actors, directors, cameramen, sound technicians, light operators noticed or reacted to the occurrence. Doolittle, Leslie. The Wicked Witch's broom was also made up of asbestos, as well as the Scarecrow costume that Ray Bolger wore nearly every single day of filming. It is said that as the trio began skipping down the road, the crane unfolded its wings defensively, casting a strange shadow in the background. Theres also the matter that a form of crystallized asbestos use as fake snow during the films production. 5 ways to thank your food delivery guy that say please dont murder me I dont want to die alone on Valentines Day. Fine, Marshall. Despite the fact that it was studio MGM who was responsible for performer Buddy Ebsens hospitalization; The star still end up being fire from The Wizard of Oz. Fox had wanted Shirley Temple to star. There are few films where this was more apparent than during the 1939 production of The Wizard of Oz. July 2, 2021, 6:38 am, by The TV personality, 51, even got her co-hosts Jamie Theakston and Ashley Roberts involved, as the trio dressed up as the characters from the famous children's novel The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The studios official line has long been that what looks like a little person swinging from a tree is actually a shadow cast by a large crane, hired by Fleming, along with other animals from the Los Angeles zoo, in an attempt to make the forest seem alive. Throughout Monroe and Kennedys alleged affair, Lawford supposedly acted as a liaison for the President. LA Weekly. Sadly for the actors playing the Tin Man, Scarecrow, and Cowardly Lion, they were also banned from eating lunch inside the MGM cafeteria because the sight of them eating in their makeup was deemed too disgusting. LWLies 97: The All the Beauty and the Bloodshed issue Out now! Four tips for mental wellness that dont do shit because its dark at fucking 4pm. All rights reserved. T hursday marks 80 years since the Aug. 15, 1939, Hollywood premiere of the film classic The Wizard of Oz, the story of a tornado that hits Kansas and transports a . Clara Blandick. From the very beginning of filming, The Wizard of Oz was the site of all kinds of dangerous accidents and unsafe working conditions. The Wizard of Oz (1939) . Not only Margaret Hamilton covered in severe burns during a special effects sequence. According to Harmetzs book, the flames caught on her broom and hat, scalding her chin, the bridge of her nose, her right cheek, and the right side of her forehead. We'll wrap up our epic 3-part deep dive into the Wizard of Oz! After her husbands death in the 1980s and after her children grew and moved away, Glass dedicated her life to volunteer work. He is the son of Daniella (Weiser), a movement instructor, and Gerald Baron Cohen, a clothing store owner. She loved kids and she would do anything to make a kid smile.. Almira Gulch. http://www.mar-ken.org/biossz/shepardv.html, Stand-in for Ms. Garland - Not to be confused with Ms. Bobbie Koshay (who was "Dorothy's" on-camera stand-in and body-double), Ms. Marsh-Doll was the off-camera stand-in for Ms. Garland, and participated in some of the dance routines.Here are some lovely pictures of Ms. Marsh-Doll from 2018: Silver, Gold and . This list includes all of the living cast and crew of "The Wizard of Oz" as of May 27, 2020. policies. After leaving Hollywood at 21, Glass married her husband and had two children. January 27, 2023, 7:28 pm, by 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. Now, when I saw this, I began to flip out. She was an actress, known for The Wizard of Oz (1939). With MGM allowing no amount of money in the films budget for extras. Company Credits Since (grossly exaggerated) tales of munchkin lechery and drunken misbehavior on the "Oz" set had been circulating for years (primarily spread by Judy Garland herself in television talk show appearances), the wild suicide story had some seeming background plausibility to it. Youre Jason Kenney. Wizard+Oz+3D+Screening+LA/0eT5zxY6XDj, Munchkin (child) - played a munchkin villager, can be seen in the background outside of one of the little huts with the other munchkins around her, wearing a decorative flowerpot hatHere is a 2011 article with Ms. Kenmore: Scarecrow. My mom told me to watch the movie closely and look in the woods in the trees for a person wearing black moving around strangely when Dorothy, the scarecrow and the tin man were walking down the yellow brick road. My mom and I watched a documentary of the behind the scenes of The Wizard of Oz. Because of this, Bert force to wear the same suit throughout the majority of The Wizard of Ozs production. Ad Choices. Margaret Hamilton. After The Wizard of Oz, Glass went on to work in Hollywood for a few more years, mostly as an extra or stand-in. Instead, studio heads wanted Shirley Temple who was six years younger than Garland, but upon auditioning, Temple was found to be lacking in the vocal range department. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Ebsen who went on to play Jed Clampett on the sitcom "The Beverly Hillbillies" from 1962 to 1971 had to be hospitalized due to that allergic reaction, and he ultimately had to bow out of the film entirely. (At least he was finally free from the mask, which wasnt porous, so you couldnt sweat. Snopes.com, the internets go-to resource for fact checking urban legends and folklore, suggests alternative theories for the illusion, including a stagehand wandering on set, or even falling from one of the trees. Following up on our previous series of "Where is the cast of Friends now?", and "Where is the cast of Seinfeld now?", get ready to find out what Dorothy, the Tin Man, and all their pals are up to today. Leading to it eventually recognize as one of the greatest films of all time. The unusual movement in the background of the scene described above was noticed years ago, and it was often attributed to a stagehand's accidentally being caught on the set after the cameras started rolling (or, more spectacularly, a stagehand's falling out of a prop tree into the scene). Sadly, the crew didnt perform trial and error before putting actual performers into the sky. Atari games from the 1980s. On the set of "The Wizard of Oz," the cast was sprayed down with white asbestos flakes. Hamilton had to take six weeks off to recover before she returned to the set, on the condition that she would not do any more scenes involving fireworks. While filming the scene in which the Wicked Witch writes "Surrender Dorothy" across the sky with her broom, Danko was required to sit on an actual metal pipe that was filled with combustible materials. Judy Garland Let's zoom out and consider what this tale is all about: the evolution of consciousness as it puts us on our own yellow brick road Find out how the Book of Enoch ties into all this and even Dorothy's True Will! The Cowardly Lion Costume Was Constructed From Actual Lion Hair. Wicked Witch Margaret Hamilton also spent time in the hospital, suffering second-degree burns on her face and third-degree burns on her hand. Malcolm, Paul. Although star Judy Garland didnt receive any serious injuries on the set of The Wizard of Oz, filming of the picture certainly affected Judys life for the worst. http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Priscilla+Montgomery/ Wizard of Oz Facts 1. Billie Burke. Theyre one of Hollywoods brightest starsand most troubled actors. Facts Verse Ray Bolger (1904-1987) . The burns on her legs never healed. 1939s The Wizard of Oz has gone down in history as a film with a disastrous production. Ruth Robinson Duccini, who played a Munchkin in the beloved 1939 musical fantasy The Wizard of Oz, died Thursday in Las Vegas, the Los Angeles Times reports. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. First of all, the forest scenes in The Wizard of Oz were filmed before the Munchkinland scenes, and thus none of the munchkin actors would yet have been present at MGM. Glass was 18 when she landed her first acting job as an extra on The Wizard of Oz in 1939. You couldnt breathe through your skin. We felt like we were suffocating.) Meanwhile, Margaret Hamiltons friend alerted her, about a month and a half before filming ended, that she looked so odd. When she looked in the mirror, the actor realized the friend was right: Her Wicked Witch of the West makeup had sunk into my skin. Forensically examining Instagram accounts, interviews, and police reports, author Kathleen Hale reconstructs their relationship, and ultimately Petitos murder. She wouldve loved it., Linda Tammone, daughter of Wizard of Oz extra Meredythe Glass, looks through her mothers photographs, newspaper clippings, cards and memorabilia in Glasss former apartment at Covenant Shores on Sept. 5. It is to meet the films production schedule. Technical Specs, See agents for this cast & crew on IMDbPro, makeup artist: Margaret Hamilton (uncredited), executive in charge of production (uncredited), supervising re-recording mixer (uncredited), senior special effects technician (uncredited), stereoscopic production manager (3D version 2013), managing director: stereoscopic conversion (3D version 2013), stereoscopic compositor (3D version 2013), stereo conversion producer: Prime Focus (as Scott Farrar) (3D Version 2013), stereo conversion supervisor (3D version 2013), technical support (1998 release, credited on theatrical prints only), director of global development: Prime Focus (3D version 2013), lead digital film restoration artist (2009 restoration), digital paint artist (1998 restoration) (uncredited), digital compositor (1998 restoration) (uncredited), digital paint artist: 1998 restoration (uncredited), camera operator: digital restoration (uncredited), digital production coordinator (1998 restoration) (uncredited), director of photography: visual effects unit (uncredited) / special photographic effects (uncredited), visual effects supervisor (1998 restoration) (uncredited), assistant visual effects supervisor (uncredited), lead digital compositor (1998 restoration) (uncredited), director of matte painting staff (uncredited), director of global development at prime focus (uncredited), senior stereoscopic supervisor: Prime Focus (uncredited), camera operator: visual effects unit (uncredited), roto supervisor: 3D version 2013 (uncredited), stunt double: Margaret Hamilton (uncredited), associate: Technicolor photography (as Allen Davey), still photographer: Kodachrome stills (uncredited), camera technician: Technicolor (uncredited), assistant camera: Technicolor (uncredited), orchestrator: Munchkinland musical sequence (uncredited), music pre-recording supervisor (uncredited), singing voice: Lollipop Guild (uncredited), composer: original incidental music (uncredited) / conductor (uncredited), orchestral and vocal arrangments (uncredited), choreographer: scarecrow's dance (scenes deleted) (uncredited), dance stand-in: Judy Garland (uncredited), agent: Leo Feist Music Publishing (uncredited), assistant choreographer (uncredited) / assistant: Mr. Connolly (uncredited), handler: Cowardly Lion's tail (uncredited), dog owner and trainer: Terry (uncredited). And there were also times where many of them could have died! June 20, 2021, 9:06 am, by She loved it. Of the film's 10 main cast members, 16-year-old star Judy Garland got the second-lowest salarymaking more than only her canine companion, Terry, who played Toto. She was paid $16 a day to work on The Wizard of Oz, which was a fortune in those days.. Irving Lahrheim (August 13, 1895 - December 4, 1967), known professionally as Bert Lahr, was an American stage and screen actor.He was best known for his role as the Cowardly Lion, as well as his counterpart Kansas farmworker "Zeke", in the MGM adaptation of The Wizard of Oz (1939). Gannett News Service. The 42 Best Romantic Comedies of All Time, The 25 Best Shows on Netflix to Watch Right Now. And myriad injuries and miseries were suffered on set that sound, frankly, horrifying in light of modern technology and H.R. Tammone said thats when Glass blossomed.. Little White Lies was established in 2005 as a bi-monthly print magazine committed to championing great movies and the talented people who make them. The change in focus of the rumor from a hapless stagehand to a suicidal munchkin (driven to despair over his unrequited love for a female munchkin) seems to have coincided with the heavy promotion and special video re-release of The Wizard of Oz in celebration of its 50th anniversary in 1989: someone made up the story of a diminutive actor who, suffering the pangs of unrequited love for a female "little person," decided to end it all right there on the set, and soon everyone was eager to share this special little film "secret" with others. From a money pit 100 feet deep to Shakespearean manuscripts, the legendary finds on Oak Island have kept it in the news for centuries. Can you save the priceless pieces of art? (She is the only person of the 6 people on this list that is unconfirmed.) The Wizard of Oz Trivia Games. All of Glasss business ventures folded. This guy is a painter AND a geocentrist, Damp-hand fetishist introduces himself to people coming out of public restrooms, Medical Experts admit there is no cure for hiccups, Hospitals to fight critical staffing shortage by declaring that all PhDs are that kind of doctor now, Doug Ford announces 50% of all Ontario surgeries will now be done by his buddy Steve, Everything is broken so lets make it worse vs Everything is perfect so lets fix nothing. Though her life began in childrens radio theater in San Francisco before moving to Hollywood, Glass told the Reporter in February she never wanted to be an actress. In the upper left hand corner you could see a figure moving as though it was a Person swinging from a rope but it is in fact a Bird called a Peacock that is a Puppet that only appears in that scene and was not added for background anywhere else in the movie. Due to the fact that he could no longer perform in the role of the Tin Man on time. The double was reportedly paid $35 for her days work. And this take ended up covering Margaret in severe burns when the pyrotechnics were set off just a moment too early. I felt as though my scalp was coming off, Betty Danko recalled after spending 11 days in the hospital. Meredythe Glass was one of the last surviving cast members of "The Wizard of Oz.". Which I did and I saw clearly a person hanging. LOS ANGELES Jerry Maren, the last surviving munchkin from the classic 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz" and the one who famously welcomed Dorothy to Munchkin Land, has died at age 99. In reality, it was just a bird brought on set from the Los Angeles Zoo. After her role on that classic sitcom ended, Jan became more interested in being a mother than being an actress. MGM had originally wanted Shirley Temple to play the role of Dorothy. Margaret Hamiltons son later recalled the moment where he came to the set of The Wizard of Oz and saw that his mother cover from head to toe in bandages. They note that it is important to remember the resolution of the film when shown on television when the ability, via VHS, arrived to fast forward and rewind footage isnt as sharp and as distinct as when the film was shown in cinemas. That wasn't the only costume that had the potential to cause significant health issues, either. Jack Haley replaced Buddy in the role, and the studio found a safer makeup alternative that wouldnt see Jack hospitalized. Bert Lahr's Cowardly Lion costume had been fashioned out of genuine lion hide which unsurprisingly made it very heavy and hot inside. In lesser makeup horror stories, actor Ray Bolgerwho played the Scarecrowremoved the rubber prosthetics mask from his face the last day of filming to discover he had burlap scars around his mouth and chin. Profesor Marvel. (A peacock, for example, can be seen wandering around just outside the Tin Woodsman's shack while Dorothy and the Scarecrow attempt to revive him with oil.) More 1939 Movies. http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Betty-Ann-Bruno-says-hello-to-hula-again-3382950.php, Note: It is unconfirmed if Ms. Lee Shepard is living. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com, A lovelorn actor portraying one of the munchkins hanged himself on the set during the filming of. A childhood role in a treasured film classic during the Golden Age of Hollywood didn't define Betty Ann Bruno's life, but being a Munchkin in "The Wizard of Oz" has been . Can you live a happy and fulfilling life? It wasnt until the films later broadcast on television during the 1950s that it would begin to catch its audience. When the studio was told that Ebsenwhose skin had turned blue during his reactioncould not immediately return, production replaced him with Jack Haley. This is the original footage before MGM tried to. Following up on our previous series of Where is the cast of Friends now?, and Where is the cast of Seinfeld now?, get ready to find out what Dorothy, the Tin Man, and all their pals are up to today. Toddler cannot fucking believe mom is here, Ontario reaches $10 child-care deal after Doug Ford achieves sole objective of no one getting help for a full year, Man raised by wolves unable to explain his tech job to parents, 93% of Canadians will never pay off their blood debts, 86% of August e-mail traffic just duelling Out-Of-Office messages, Most frequent lies found on online dating profiles, Missed Connections: You were the public urinator on Main and 5th. Darkness abounds in The Wizard of Oz. The Wizard of Oz Cast. Facts Verse The Tin Man costume also caused quite a few problems. February 19, 2023, 6:17 am, by He would end up having to fight an even tougher battle [] More, What could be more mysterious than an island filled with buried treasure? Producer Mervyn LeRoy once stated that the actors had orgies in the hotel and we had to have police on every floor. 1. In February, Covenant Shores held an event, WA Lottery reveals Auburn woman as winner of $754.6 million Powerball jackpot, Victim energy is a siren song to which we must stop our ears | Whales Tales, Teams roll into action on renovated South Mercer Playfields. But she also found out after The Wizard of Ozs production that the makeup that she had been wearing throughout filming had affected her health and couldve killed her.

East St Louis Monitor Newspaper Obituaries, Tijuana News Shooting, Was There An Explosion In Texas Today, Articles W