Its how many are determining their risk of contracting or spreading the virus to someone else. Limitations of Charting Systems . Monitor yourself for any symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever, cough or shortness of breath. Many types of tests are used to detect SARS-CoV-2, 1 and their performance characteristics vary. Tests that have received an EUA from FDA for point-of-care (POC) use can be performed with a CLIA certificate of waiver. Since no standard exists yet for determining accuracy, these results are not definitive. To determine the posttest probability with a negative result, draw a vertical line down to the blue line, and see where it intersects the y-axis. It takes time for the coronavirus to replicate to a critical mass for a swabbing test to detect it. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the pathogen that causes COVID-19, uses RNA as its genetic material. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Yes, you should still go to the dentist. Surveillance testing results are not reported back to the individual. Rule Out COVID-19 Applied automatically when COVID-19 lab test is orderedfor all patients, except outpatientsbeing screened prior to procedures. In this setting, it would seem reasonable to flag positive results as high and not flag negative results. Your child should continue to wear a well-fitting mask for an additional five days. This result means that you were likely infected with COVID-19 in the past. If given when not needed, antibiotics can be harmful. The test has been run at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia's lab, and the results have come back INVALID. In most people who recover from COVID-19, antibodies appear in their blood about 14 days after the start of the illness. Employers, community-based, and faith-based organizations can be important partners to increase the number of free, community-based testing sites. Researchers at Harvards Global Health Institute say the United States needs to triple, if not quadruple, the testing capacity to contain the virus. Pretest probability should be based on a patient's exposure to someone with a confirmed or probable case, signs or symptoms of COVID-19, local or population-specific COVID-19 prevalence, and presence of an alternative diagnosis.8,25,27. From swabs to antibodies: How to understand your coronavirus test results, Baked chicken tostadas with guacamole are a fun, healthful dinner, These teriyaki-inspired salmon bowls are sticky, sweet and savory, This burrata-topped burger is big, beautiful and ready in about 30 minutes. [Some guidance about self-quarantine is given at the end of this document.] If there are other people in your household who do not have COVID-19, please try to separate yourself from them in a different room or area of your household, and wear a face covering if you must be around other people (see CDC isolation instructions). If all of these are true, or if your child had a positive test but never had any symptoms, it is OK to stop home isolation after five days as long as your child is able to mask. uh:4?z~6=PE$AD-,KxzI+bDlN-9>UD2DdZJvo"r6;DRDteqSEPr!":"2tE=e5/E)cXmYWH>km~G4S>616}jcq,{O>d]Cjax~u??{|C/8|~'W4Se(Rd\Ws2esG?}"! An example of surveillance testing is wastewater surveillance. Automatically removed upon final result of COVID-19 lab test, for both positive and negative results COVID-19 Applied automatically with positive COVID-19 test result A test done in the first few days after an exposure will be falsely reassuring. Screening testing can provide important information to limit transmission and outbreaks in high-risk congregate settings. *The clock starts from the day of your first positive test result or your original onset of symptoms, whichever came first. After the primers attach, new complementary strands of DNA extend along the template strand. As universities, workplaces, and others think about "re-entry testing", it is essential to keep in mind that people don't test positive for the first ~5 days after infection, and even the the tests have high false negative rates. Data Sources: A PubMed literature search was completed using the key words SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 or leaf plot with test, Cochrane, molecular, PCR, antigen, pretest probability, false negative, sensitivity, viral load, or viral culture. In this case, positive doesn't necessarily mean "good" and negative doesn't necessarily mean "bad.". ]8p F . Because of the rapid production and evaluation of new SARS-CoV-2 tests, clinicians should ensure that they are using current guidelines. Increase the availability of free testing sites in communities. If you are having trouble breathing and need emergent care, please call 911 or visit your nearest emergency department to get immediate care. A positive result happens when the SARS-CoV-2 primers match the DNA in the sample and the sequence is amplified, creating millions of copies. Antigen tests work best if you have symptoms. 1 0 obj The same Cochrane review included eight evaluations of five antigen tests on 943 samples and found an average sensitivity of 56.2% (95% CI, 29.5% to 79.8%) and specificity of 99.5% (95% CI, 98.1% to 99.9%). At the end of the process, two identical copies of viral DNA are created. You can also start an on-demand video visit to consult with a provider about your symptoms and test results. If your antibody test result was negative, this means that the test did not detect any COVID-19 antibodies in your blood. We dont know if people who have had COVID-19 and who do not develop antibodies are at risk of infection with COVID-19 in the future. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No fevers for at least 24 hours without taking fever-reducing medicines, Other symptoms (cough, trouble breathing) have significantly improved. CDCs COVID-19 Community Levels recommendations include implementing screening testing in high-risk settings at the medium and high levels. Steven Johnson contributed to this report. Continue symptom monitoring. stream Use a symptom-based approach for discontinuing isolation precautions for most patients with COVID-19. Americans are being swabbed by the thousands to learn if they have covid-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus. However, in specimens positive on viral culture, an indicator of infectious virus presence, sensitivity was 92.6% for symptomatic people and 78.6% for asymptomatic people.18 For people of all ages and symptom status (n = 3,302) at a community testing event in San Francisco, the overall sensitivity was 89% (95% CI, 84.3% to 92.7%), and the specificity was 99.9% (95% CI, 99.7% to 100.0%).19, The FDA has developed a reference standard for molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests and lists analytical sensitivity test comparisons at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-reference-panel-comparative-data. C*vXEzFXr8eL,}tnm~kW15136Y_eQTcZsoQeKvO>DC.=5K[|B==La\Cwg4:sIu>[|Z _]-zTcNZTwj-!QM cJ5OR2m\U3 j Philadelphia, PA 19104, What to Do if Your Child Tests Positive for COVID-19, 5 Things to Know if Your Child Tests Positive for COVID-19, Know My Rights About Surprise Medical Bills. Patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 should remain under home isolation until the risk of giving it to others is thought to be low. This content is owned by the AAFP. Some could be rapid in 15 minutes, Short turnaround time for NAAT POC tests, but few available, Usually does not need to be repeated to confirm results, Short turnaround time (approximately 15 minutes). Get convenient care from home for COVID-19 concerns, cold/flu, UTI, seasonal allergies, minor injuries and more with on-demand video visits. Results from NAATs are considered the definitive result when there is a discrepancy between the antigen and NAAT test. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites were reviewed. The testing process begins when healthcare workers collect samples using a nasal swab or saliva tube. In certain circumstances, one test type may be recommended over the other. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detection of viral RNA does not necessarily correlate with infectivity. ;;jR:l)OvGy(ti|vAzL}rXK%gS dlyws'Z% ]"3HhY5Qy_6 Likewise, interpreting a negative result in the context of high pretest probability, or a positive result when pretest probability is low, can be challenging. The incubation period, or time from exposure to symptoms, for COVID-19 ranges from two to 14 days, with a median of 5.1 days (97.5% of patients with the disease become symptomatic by 11.5 days).28 Based on postquarantine transmission risk modeling, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations include an option to shorten the standard 14-day quarantine to seven days for patients with a negative SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test result from a sample collected between five and seven days post-exposure.29 However, not all jurisdictions have adopted this option. At CHOP, we try to contact all patients who have an invalid result to work with you to reschedule your test. Do not share utensils, toothbrushes, water bottles, pillows, and avoid shaking hands, kissing, hugging, or other intimate activities. For symptomatic people older than 10 years (n = 827) at a community testing event in Arizona, the test had a sensitivity of 64.2% (95% CI, 56.7% to 71.3%) and specificity of 100.0% (95% CI, 99.4% to 100.0%).18 In asymptomatic people older than 10 years (n = 2,592) at the same event, the sensitivity was 35.8% (95% CI, 27.3% to 44.9%) and specificity was 99.8% (95% CI, 99.6% to 100.0%). Pretest probability considers both the COVID-19 Community Levelas well as the clinical context of the individual being tested. Although validation is needed, the Infectious Diseases Society of America suggests that clinicians repeat a SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test 24 to 48 hours after a single negative molecular test result when pretest probability is high (e.g., symptomatic patient in a hospital setting).31 Instructions for antigen tests with FDA Emergency Use Authorization advise retesting with a molecular test after an initial negative antigen result when pretest probability is high.12 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that this confirmatory molecular testing occur within 48 hours of the antigen test date.8, A symptom-based approach is preferred in most cases.32 RT-PCR detects viral RNA, whereas viral culture indicates presence of virus with replication ability and thus potential infectivity.21 RT-PCR detection of viral RNA does not necessarily correlate with infectivity. Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia is a charitable 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Antibody tests may help identify past SARS-CoV-2 infection if performed two to four weeks after symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. First, the PCR is converted from single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA in a process called reverse transcription. However, the vast majority of people who are going to become infected do so within 10 days of exposure. You were recently tested for COVID-19. As this occurs, fluorescent dyes attach to the DNA, providing a marker of successful duplication. You were recently tested for COVID-19. The pretest probability of COVID-19 should be based on the patient's exposure to someone with a confirmed or probable case, signs or symptoms of COVID-19, local or population-specific COVID-19 prevalence, and presence of an alternative diagnosis. 15 When the results for an initial and a subsequent test are positive, comparative viral sequence data from both tests are needed . Clinicians should consider a test's characteristics, test timing in relation to symptom onset, and the pretest probability of disease when interpreting results. Costs for NAATs This is screening testing that happens on a situational basis, for example, testing yourself before you visit an older relative who is at high risk of getting very sick from COVID-19. In addition, completeness of race and ethnicity data is an important factor in understanding the impact the virus has on racial and ethnic minority populations. At the moment, experts cant say if antibodies from a past covid-19 infection provide someone immunity or even temporary protection from the virus. When, why and how to wear a mask during this pandemic, according to the experts. Monitor your symptoms throughout the day. Public health surveillance testing may sample a certain percentage of a specific population to monitor for increasing or decreasing infection rate or to determine the population effect from community interventions. Figure 1 shows how the blue curve representing posttest probability with a negative test result progressively lowers with increasing test sensitivity. Please note that this is a PCR test, or a lab-based test that performs similar to a PCR test. An alternative diagnosis, such as influenza, decreases pretest probability, whereas absence of an alternative diagnosis increases it.27. If youve been in contact with someone who has covid-19 but you dont have any symptoms, Wilson said, you should consider a 14-day self-quarantine and discuss whether to get tested with your health-care provider. Viral tests can also be used as screening tests to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by identifying infected persons who need to isolatefrom others. If antibody testing is used, the Infectious Diseases Society of America suggests testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgG or total antibody levels three to four weeks after symptom onset.37 To assess prior infection in people vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, or Janssen vaccine, an IgM or IgG test to the nucleocapsid protein should be selected because the vaccines encode for the spike protein.11 Because of current uncertainty about the extent and durability of natural and vaccine-induced immunity, antibody tests are not recommended to determine immune status at this time.9,11,37,38. This test has not been FDA cleared or approved. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. endobj This result suggests that you have not been infected with the COVID-19 virus. A persons vaccination status does not affect the results of their viral test for SARS-CoV-2. For example, travel time may limit access to, and use of, testing services for those who have limited access to transportation and who live in areas with fewer public transit services and schedules. Anyone who had significant contact with the positive child (within 6 feet for 15 cumulative minutes, regardless of masking) in the 48 hours before they started showing symptoms (or prior to the test if the person had no symptoms at the time of testing) are considered exposed. <>/XObject<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 22 0 R 23 0 R 29 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 720 405] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Copyright 2023 RUSH University Medical Center, RUSH Copley Medical Center or RUSH Oak Park Hospital. Disease prevalence affects the predictive value, or the likelihood a person truly does or does not have a disease based on a test result.8,13 Higher disease prevalence increases the predictive value of a positive test result but decreases the predictive value of a negative test result (Table 213,17). Public health surveillance testing is intended to monitor population-level burden of disease, or to characterize the incidence and prevalence of disease. Please contact anyone who was exposed to your child to let them that your child is positive and that they should quarantine. How and when they will receive test results, What actions need to happen after someone has a negative or positive result, The performance specifications and any limitations associated with the test, The difference between diagnostic testing and screening testing, Who will receive the results and how they may be used, Any consequences for declining to be tested, The manufacturer, name, and type of the test. This allows many copies of that material to be made, which can be used to detect whether or not the virus is present. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sources were cross-referenced in PubMed. 8, 9 Molecular tests, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The spectrum of asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission presents challenges for evaluating SARS-CoV-2 test performance for diagnostic or screening purposes and for interpreting test results. CDCs COVID-19 Response Health Equity Strategyoutlines a plan to reduce the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among racial and ethnic minority populations and other population groups (e.g., essential and frontline workers, people living in rural or frontier areas) who have experienced a disproportionate burden of COVID-19. Instead: Positive: The lab found whatever your doctor was testing for. This means stopping all in-person contact with people outside your home, and not leaving your home unless for essential medical care for at least five days. Antibody (or serology) tests are used todetect previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and can aid in the diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)and in adults (MIS-A)2. People who think they already had covid-19 in the spring but did not go to a hospital are getting antibody tests, also known as serology tests. If you have a positive test result, it is very likely that you have COVID-19. This should be considered when choosing whether to test for antibodies originating from past infection versus those from vaccination. NHGRIs investments in DNA-sequencing and related technologies created a foundation that allowed companies to rapidly deploy COVID-19 PCR diagnostic testing early in the pandemic. So, youre getting into running during a pandemic. As such, surveillance testing cannot be used for an individuals healthcare decision-making or individual public health actions, such as isolation. In both cases, be sure to explain that you have been exposed to COVID-19, including the date that you were exposed and whether or not you have had a test since that time, so that appropriate measures can be taken. Because of this, CDC does not recommend serial screening testing in most lower risk settings. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. prescribed opiates, the test is used to detect illicit opiate use. If you had a positive COVID-19 test, please self-isolate at home as much as possible according to CDC instructions. Furthermore, we do not know whether the antibodies that were detected by this test will protect you from COVID-19 infection in the future. An example of public health surveillance testing is when a state public health department samples a random percentage of all people in a city on a rolling basis to assess local infection rates and trends. If at any time you feel symptomatic, please contact the health department. A high number of cycles suggests a low viral load. People who have had an exposure with someone known or suspected of having COVID-19 should be tested at least 5 days after the exposure. The viral swab tests, seen at drive-through clinics across the country, tell people whether theyre infected with the novel coronavirus on that particular day, said Lucy Wilson, an infectious-disease specialist and a professor at the University of Maryland Baltimore County. In asymptomatic people (n = 871), sensitivity was 41.2% (95% CI, 18.4% to 67.1%) and specificity was 98.4% (95% CI, 97.3% to 99.1%).17, Two large evaluations of the BinaxNOW antigen test, which has FDA Emergency Use Authorization, had different performance results. It is important to remember that it is still possible to develop the disease up to 14 days from exposure. Contact your primary care doctor if there are concerns. Refers to point-of-care antigen tests only. For more information, see the antigen test algorithm. More on Covid-19 How do lateral flow tests work? Therefore, clinicians should recommend isolation precautions despite a negative test result when pretest probability is high. Self-quarantine means you should stop all in-person contact with people outside your home, and not leave your home unless for essential medical care. Looking for inspiration? The instructions of all current antigen tests with FDA Emergency Use Authorization warn of the risk of false-negative results from specimens collected five to 12 days after symptom onset because corresponding antigen levels may fall below the level of detection.8,12,17, Validation of molecular and antigen test performance in persons with and without symptoms remains an urgent research need.13,24,25 However, increased testing frequency as part of a screening program may compensate for limits in test sensitivity, particularly with antigen tests, and facilitate timely isolation of people who are infectious.8,24,26, Pretest probability refers to the estimated likelihood of disease before testing. If symptoms develop before 5 days, they should get tested immediately. Nasal, Nasopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal, Sputum, Saliva, Varies by test, but generally high for laboratory-based tests and moderate-to-high for POC tests, Varies depending on the course of infection, Most 1-3 days. Isolate from others. If youd like to consult with a provider about your symptoms, getting approval to return to work/school, or about whether or not you require re-testing, please start an on-demand video visit. A false negative result happens when a person is infected, but there is not enough viral genetic material in the sample for the PCR test to detect it. endobj A leaf plot provides a visual representation of pre- and posttest probability based on test sensitivity and specificity. Either target 1 alone or both targets 1 and 2 were detected (our lab partners do not specifically call out if you tested positive for target 1 alone or target 1 and 2 as it is not relevant, either scenario is positive). LMS]~3r ^]>z4LsVv=`&\u, #"G/Q^ U9 3#FE PG.= ] P##hB]piT !w\o//U~'Dh !0{. Bergstrom added the results become absolutely useless for efforts to quarantine or to trace contacts. Avoid using public transportation, ride-sharing, or taxis. Negative results do not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be used as the sole basis for treatment or patient management decisions, including infection control decisions. If you have concerns about new symptoms, please call your primary care doctor. Massetti GM, Jackson BR, Brooks JT, et al. Viral tests look for a current infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by testing specimens from your nose or mouth. Download the My RUSH app to get started. These results represent a snapshot of the time around specimen collection and could change if the same test was performed again in one or more days. For example, a negative test result from a resident of a skilled nursing facility where a known outbreak is occurring has a lower negative predictive value because of the high disease prevalence. Because mRNA COVID-19 vaccinesuse the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to generate an immune response, a positive serologic (antibody) test for spike protein IgM/IgG could indicate either previous infection or vaccination. Some tests may be able to be performed frequently because they are less expensive and easier to use than other tests, and supplies are readily available. These observations show the need for highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests. The results show public health experts who has and hasnt been exposed to the virus. (Close contact is defined as closer than a 6-foot distance between you and others. Follow this story and more by signing up for national breaking news email alerts. If you self-quarantine and/or mask for 10 days after your last exposure to someone diagnosed with COVID-19, and have developed no new or worsening symptoms, then you likely were not exposed enough to cause an infection. The timing of testing after exposure also matters. A negative antigen test in persons with signs or symptoms of COVID-19 should be confirmed by NAAT, a more sensitive test. Its just like a pregnancy test, Wilson said. Antibody test results should not yet be used to infer immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection or inform decisions to discontinue social distancing or use of face masks or personal protective equipment. The results will be one of the following: Detected, meaning most likely you DO currently have active COVID-19 Before seeking care, call the healthcare provider/medical facility and tell them that your child has, or is being evaluated for, COVID-19. When choosing which test to use, it is important to understand the purpose of the testing (diagnostic or screening), test performance in context of COVID-19 incidence, need for rapid results, and other considerations (See Table 1). A negative molecular or antigen test result might not rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection when pretest probability is high.13,25,27 Because false-negative results have implications for disease spread, clinicians should recommend isolation precautions despite a negative test result when pretest probability is high. Molecular and antigen tests can detect current SARS-CoV-2 infection and are used to diagnose COVID-19 (Table 1).8,9 Molecular tests, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), detect viral nucleic acids, whereas antigen tests employ immunoassays that detect viral proteins. Some tests may need to be repeated, if initial test is negative; see, occupational factors such as not being able to take time off work and lack of paid leave, lack of accessible options for people with disabilities, and. Because false-negative results have implications for disease spread, clinicians should recommend isolation precautions despite a negative test result when pretest probability is high. We cant all stop living our lives entirely, Bergstrom said. Positive and negative predictive values of NAAT and antigen tests vary depending upon the pretest probability. As of March 15, 2021, there were 256 molecular tests and 15 antigen tests with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorization.12 This article addresses common questions about SARS-CoV-2 testing and presents an approach to interpreting diagnostic test results. If anyone else in your home becomes ill, they should discuss this with your department of health, and their primary care doctor. ARUP clients may issue laboratory results to their physicians in the form of paper charts. Many older children will require an electrocardiogram of their heart before returning to sports, and your doctor can help coordinate this study. If you have questions, please consult with your health care provider. Antibody testing does not diagnose current infection. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. They SHOULD NOT go get tested right away. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG Antibody Positive Test Result If your antibody test result was positive, this means that the test shows that you have COVID-19 antibodies in your blood. z G.? jF[m9gy6[\"|vPc.F4FDO(ETgny2.*A3-SSP4"N%&rI+T"UQv &bs_d"q8'DCD)0!LN%Z$]ALH|.no57bvL=Q8?hhpI~CCQTWPNm=x]Az!|w>4k$Hw>#G!%|^>t? If you have a presumptive positive test result, it is very likely that you have COVID-19. Generally, people who have the virus are symptomatic for around six days, Bergstrom said. But be careful. Beyond what we know, Bergstrom said, everyone must weigh the risks and mitigate their own possibility for exposure. We also know that a test can sometimes pick up infection 2-3 days before you actually develop symptoms. Experts say testing is a vital component to controlling the outbreak, but one test result still isnt a green light to visit vulnerable friends or family members. However, all tests, including the COVID-19 antibody test, can produce negative results that are incorrect (i.e., false negative results). A positive test result for COVID-19 indicates that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was detected, and therefore the Pretest probability should be based on a patient's exposure to someone with a confirmed or probable case, signs or symptoms of COVID-19, local or population-specific COVID-19 prevalence, and presence of an alternative diagnosis. More information is available, Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, Considerations for Testing in Different Scenarios, Public Health Surveillance Testing for SARS-CoV-2, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States, In Vitro Diagnostics Emergency Use Authorizations, Isolation and Precautions for People with COVID-19, pretest probability and the likelihood of positive and negative predictive values, additional information for healthcare providers who are using diagnostic tests in screening asymptomatic individuals, required laboratories and testing facilities to report, have been exposed to persons with COVID-19, Ending Isolation and Precautions for People with COVID-19: Interim Guidance, COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS), CDCs Diagnostic Multiple Assay for Flu and COVID-19 at Public Health Laboratories and Supplies, Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 on Individual Persons, Communities, and Health Care Systems, Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Healthcare Personnel, Interim Guidelines for COVID-19 Antibody Testing, people who are up to date with their vaccines, Case Series of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection United Kingdom and United States, March-August 2020, Racial and ethnic inequities in the early distribution of U.S. COVID-19 testing sites and mortality, https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-covid/, Modeling the effectiveness of healthcare personnel reactive testing and screening for the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant within nursing homes, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Post-COVID Conditions: Healthcare Providers, Decontamination & Reuse of N95 Respirators, Purchasing N95 Respirators from Another Country, Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

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