The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. Donal Blaine Aidan Cinhil Haldane, 24th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1074 to 1095. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. Secondly, while the term "dictatorship" is widely understood to include inherent abuse of powerthere is arguably no such thing as a benevolent dictatorhistory offers several examples of autocrats who tried to do what was best for their people. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. Laos (since 1975) REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. The relations between the countries were strained by Soviet attempts to influence Yugoslavia, leading to the TitoStalin split in 1948. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. The . [93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . 10. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. [75] Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin in 1924, who consolidated total power and implemented totalitarian rule by 1929. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. Political participation: 2.22. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. Between 1950 and 2016, one-party dictatorships made up 57% of authoritarian regimes in the world,[26] and one-party dictatorships have continued to expand more quickly than other forms of dictatorship in the latter half of the 20th century. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. What are the countries with a democracy government? 8. [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. The legislature must be popularly elected. [1]:70. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. [1]:70. Countries that start with: Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. 1. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. Single-party dictatorships were most common during the Cold War, with dominant-party dictatorships becoming more common after the fall of the Soviet Union. Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." Adolf Hitler - WORST DICTATOR. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. However, since they might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a type II value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. [46], The shift in the power relation between the dictator and their inner circle has severe consequences for the behavior of such regimes as a whole. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place. Abstract. [105] To maintain power, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet organized Operation Condor with other South American dictators to facilitate cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies and secret police organizations. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. [8]:456. As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . The Democracy-Dictatorship Index is seen as an example of the minimalist approach, whereas the Polity data series is more substantive. List of Cons of Dictatorships. [128]. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. China - Communist Regime 4. 1. [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. Stability in a dictatorship is maintained through coercion and political repression, which involves the restriction of access to information, the tracking of the political opposition, and acts of violence. [1] [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. Some of the most famous dictators in history include, of course, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, Benito Mussolini, ruler of fascist Italy from 1922-1945, and Joseph Stalin,. Photo: Lars Klove. Military dictatorship: 2. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. The totalitarian dictatorship in the People's Republic of China , from 1949 to the present. the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be preserved in the socialist countries to assure that the reeducated minds of the workers already lucky enough to live under socialism were not re-infected by capitalist ideas coming in from outside the people's collectivist . Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. The role of dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. - Quora Answer (1 of 66): I will give the country names as well as who the dictator is. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate.

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