There are also skeletal muscles that do not pull against the skeleton for movements. Wiki User. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. ), Brachialis muscle (labeled in green text), This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 444 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Deep muscles of the chest and front of the arm, with the boundaries of the. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. Feeling overwhelmed by so many muscles and their attachments? Rear Front Rotations. D. The bone moves toward the center of the body. Also known by the Latin name biceps brachii (meaning "two-headed muscle of the arm"), the muscle's primary function is to flex the elbow and rotate the forearm. A. Fascicle arrangements determine what type of movement a muscle can make. This page titled 10.2: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Whitney Menefee, Julie Jenks, Chiara Mazzasette, & Kim-Leiloni Nguyen (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) . This arrangement is referred to asmultipennate. Learn everything about the anatomy of the shoulder muscles with our study unit. The main function of the coracobrachialis muscle is to produce flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint. Biceps Brachii Muscle Contraction. For example, the biceps brachii functions to produce the movement of elbow flexion. All of these muscles together could be referred to as synergists for flexion of the hip joint. Muscles are classified according to their actions during contractions as agonists, antagonists, or synergists. Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist. Write CCC for concrete, AAA for abstract, or col. for collective above the simple subject of each sentence. The heads of the muscle arise from the scapula (shoulder blade) and . This is commonly seen in climbers, due to the pronation of the hand and the extended started position. Example: Mosi asked, "How does a song become as popular as 'Stardust' ?". Patients often present with an inability to extend the elbow due to stiffness and soreness of the brachialis muscle. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb. Synergist Muscles Synergist muscles act around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to or in concert with agonist muscles. Niamh Gorman MSc tricepts brachii when the brachialis acts as the agonist, the __ muscle assists as a synergist antagonist a ___ is a synergistic muscle that will stabilize a joint when another contracting muscle exerts a force on something else . When the fulcrum lies between the resistance and the applied force, it is considered to be a first class lever (Figure \(\PageIndex{4.a}\)). 2013 [cited 2018 Mar 21]. [5] In order to isolate the brachialis muscle the forearm needs to be in pronation, due to the biceps brachii's function as a supinator and flexor. Another example is the orbicularis oculi, one of which surrounds each eye. : a flexor that lies in front of the lower part of the humerus whence it arises and is inserted into the ulna. Some parallel muscles are flat sheets that expand at the ends to make broad attachments. Antagonist muscles act as opposing muscles to agonists, usually contracting as a means of returning the limb to its original, resting position. Compare and contrast agonist and antagonist muscles, Describe how fascicles are arranged within a skeletal muscle, Explain the major events of a skeletal muscle contraction within a muscle in generating force. Lever systems in the human body are classified based on the arrangement pattern of the fulcrum, resistance, and the applied force (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). for intransitive above each simple predicate. Author: In this casethe hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would be called the antagonists. Check out our articles: What Is Anatomical Position? Clinically, the affected patients show skin sensation disturbances on the radial part of the forearm and a weakened flexion in the elbow, as the nerve also supplies the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. [3] The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion generating about 50% more power than the biceps. As we begin to study muscles and their actions, it's important that we don't forget that our body functions as a whole organism. Kinesiology: the skeletal system and muscle function. Like Figure 10.15c in Marieb-11e. A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the muscles origin. Best Answer. Reading time: 4 minutes. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscles insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides. The accessory arteries are small and highly variable. temporalis (elevates mandible) : antagonist? The majority of skeletal muscles in the body have this type of organization. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The divide between the two innervations is at the insertion of the deltoid. Last reviewed: December 05, 2022 Muscles that seem to be plump have a large mass of tissue located in the middle of the muscle, between the insertion and the origin, which is known as the central body, or belly. A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint results in extension, which results in an increase in joint angle with movement. The brachioradialis and brachialis are synergist muscles, and the rotator cuff (not shown) fixes the shoulder joint allowing the biceps brachii to exert greater force. There also are skeletal muscles in the tongue, and the external urinary and anal sphincters that allow for voluntary regulation of urination and defecation, respectively. Rewrite it, correcting all errors. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The handle acts as a lever and the head of the hammer acts as a fulcrum, the fixed point that the force is applied to when you pull back or push down on the handle. Other parallel muscles are rotund with tendons at one or both ends. alis br-k-al-s -l- -l-. Brachialis is the main flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. There are some sections within other muscles that can also assist with flexion of the hip joint, for example, the anterior fibers of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius can assist with flexion of the hip joint, depending on the position of the hip when its being flexed. What actions does the coracobrachialis muscle do? Gray's Anatomy (41tst ed.). Our musculoskeletal system works in a similar manner, with bones being stiff levers and the articular endings of the bonesencased in synovial jointsacting as fulcrums. [citation needed], The brachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, which runs on its superficial surface, between it and the biceps brachii. Reviewer: (Brachialis labeled at bottom left. When it contracts, the oral opening becomes smaller, as when puckering the lips for whistling. D. The muscle fibers on one side of a tendon feed into it at a certain angle and muscle fibers on the other side of the tendon feed into it at the opposite angle. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This is aneccentric contraction of the muscle. For example, the anterior arm muscles cause elbow flexion. Available from: Bond T. Toms Physiotherapy Blog: Climbers elbow - Brachialis Tendonitis [Internet]. By Brett Sears, PT Aset ofantagonists called the hamstrings in the posterior compartment of the thigh are activated to slow or stop the movement. Try out our quiz below: The overuse of the coracobrachialis can lead to a hardening of the muscle. It has a large cross-sectional area, providing it with more strength than the biceps brachii and the coracobrachialis. As its name suggests, it extends from the coracoid process of scapula to the shaft of the humerus. [9], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. When a parallel muscle has a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped, meaning it tapers as it extends to its origin and insertion, it sometimes is called fusiform. Explain how a synergist assists an agonist by being a fixator. The hamstrings flex the leg, whereas the quadriceps femoris extend it. To pull on a bone, that is, to change the angle at its synovial joint, which essentially moves the skeleton, a skeletal muscle must also be attached to a fixed part of the skeleton. The antagonists to the anconeus muscle are the brachialis and biceps brachii. Each muscle fiber (cell) is covered by endomysium and the entire muscle is covered by epimysium. Abduction and adduction are usually side-to-side movements, such as moving the arm laterally when doing jumping jacks. Movements of the body occur at joints. This muscle works to flex (or bend) your elbow when your hand and forearm are in a pronated position with your palm facing down. The muscles of the rotator cuff are also synergists in that they fix the shoulder joint allowing the bicepps brachii to exert a greater force. The brachialis is the major flexor of the elbow[3]. For example, to extend the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of knee extension). Circular muscles are also called sphincters (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Synergist muscles act around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to or in concert with agonist muscles. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! antagonist- pectroalis major & latissimus dorsi. The humeral insertion of coracobrachialis is crossed anteriorly by the median nerve. Muscles are arranged in pairs based on their functions. If acting normally, the brachialis can be seen and palpated during this movement. The triceps brachii muscle is located on the back of the arm and, when contracts, straightens the elbow joint. To keep things in balance in the body we also nearly always have a muscle that is assisting, resisting, or opposing any action. Also involved is the brachioradialis which assists the brachialis, and is also considered a synergist. Because of fascicles, a portion of a multipennate muscle like the deltoid can be stimulated by the nervous system to change the direction of the pull. There are three subtypes of pennate muscles. Circularmuscles are also called sphincters (seeFigure2). 2nd ed. When the arm is abducted and extended, the coracobrachialis muscle acts as a strong antagonist to the deltoid muscle. antagonist: infraspinatus, spinodeltoid, synergist: supraspinatus pectoralis major (flexes and adducts humerous) : synergist: latissimus dorsi The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. The POLICE method introduces an incremental rehabilitation procedure by slowly introducing stress to the injured muscle to restore its strength and morphology. Muscle pull rather than push. For example, iliacus, psoas major, and rectus femoris all can act to flex the hip joint. The biceps brachii serves primarily to supinate your forearm, turning it into a palm up position. Shirley Jackson's best-known short story is The Lottery! Fascicle arrangement by perimysia is correlated to the force generated by a muscle; it also affects the range of motion of the muscle. Your healthcare practitioner can easily test the strength of your brachialis muscle. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. Figure1. For muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton, the connection determines the force, speed, and range of movement. The brachialis muscle muscle may be injured if a forceful or repetitive strain is placed upon it, especially if your elbow is in a pronated position when the force is applied. During flexing of the forearm the biceps brachii is the agonist muscle, pulling the forearm up towards the shoulder. The triceps brachii (not shown) acts as the antagonist. Copyright English: Brachialis muscle. Agonists are the prime movers while antagonists oppose or resist the movements of the agonists. prime mover- iliopsoas. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Q. After proper stretching and warm-up, the synovial fluid may become less viscous, allowing for better joint function. The insertions and origins of facial muscles are in the skin, so that certain individual muscles contract to form a smile or frown, form sounds or words, and raise the eyebrows. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve,[2] and commonly also receives additional innervation from the radial nerve. For instance, circular muscles act as sphincters, closing orifices. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscles insertion and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed, or stabilized, bone is called the origin. About a week after your injury, heat may be applied to improve circulation to the muscle and to allow it to stretch a little more easily. Alexandra Osika In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Palastanga, N., & Soames, R. (2012). The fibers of brachialis extend distally to converge on a strong tendon. 2015. Triceps brachii is the antagonist and brachialis is a synergist with biceps brachii. Physiopedia is not a substitute for professional advice or expert medical services from a qualified healthcare provider. For muscle pairings referred to as antagonistic pairs, one muscle is designated as the extensor muscle, which contracts to open the joint, and the flexor muscle, which acts opposite to the extensor muscle. A tear of the muscle, which is extremely rare, must be ruled out. Due to this design, the muscle fibers in a pennate muscle can only pull at an angle, and as a result, contracting pennate muscles do not move their tendons very far. Stretching pulls on the muscle fibers and it also results in an increased blood flow to the muscles being worked. The brachialis muscle originates from the front of your humerus, or upper arm bone. What do that say about students today? Virtual reality rehabilitation versus conventional physical therapy for improving balance and gait in parkinsons disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. With less pain, you may be able to fully engage in your rehab program for your injured brachialis. There are three subtypes of pennate muscles. The Triceps Brachi is the antagonist for the Corachobrachialis, the Brachialis and the Biceps Brachi Antagonist of brachialis? When it contracts, the oral opening becomes smaller, as when puckering the lips for whistling. If you are able to withstand the force of someone pushing your arm, then brachialis strength is considered to be adequate. Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Sets found in the same folder. Then have the patient resist an inferior force placed on the distal forearm. C. They only insert onto the facial bones. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb. A common example is the deltoid muscle of the shoulder, which covers the shoulder but has a single tendon that inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology. In this example, biceps brachii is the agonist or prime mover. Tributaries of the brachial artery and the recurrent radial artery[2][4]. Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. The radial nerve descends in the groove between the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles, above the elbow[4]. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). If you suspect you have injured your brachialis muscle, visit your healthcare provider right away. Available from: Kamineni S, Bachoura A, Behrens W, Kamineni E, Deane A. Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Human anatomy & physiology. It is a major flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint, flexing the elbow while it is in all positions. supinator, biceps brachii, brachioradialis. The brachialis is primarily supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6). They often act to reduce excessive force generated by the agonist muscle and are referred to as neutralizers. Reading time: 8 minutes. Recovery time for brachialis tendonitis is dependent on the extent of damage to the tendon, but the elbow usually retains good function throughout the course of recovery. For example, the teres major muscle, on the medial side of the arm causes shoulder abduction. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. Q. Definition. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Feeling ready to test your knowledge on the muscles of the arm and shoulder? antagonist: clavo-deltoid, teres major, subscapularis, synergist: acromio-deltoid It works closely with your biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles to ensure that your elbow bends properly. Triceps brachii antagonist muscles. Agonist muscles produce the primary movement or series of movements through their own contractions. What Is Muscle Origin, Insertion, and Action? 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1. ), Muscles of forearm, including insertion of brachialis tendon. antagonist: fcu, fcr, synergist: fcu Based on the patterns of fascicle arrangement, skeletal muscles can be classified in several ways. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. [Internet]. The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder. The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the musclesinsertion, and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone is called theorigin. What effect does fascicle arrangement have on a muscles action? [1], The brachialis originates from the anterior surface of the distal half of the humerus,[1] near the insertion of the deltoid muscle, which it embraces by two angular processes. Brachialis Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus: in the anterior compartment of the forearm, Extensor digitorum: in the posterior compartment of the forearm. When a muscle contracts, the contractile fibers shorten it to an even larger bulge. In some pennate muscles, the muscle fibers wrap around the tendon, sometimes forming individual fascicles in the process. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Position of brachialis (shown in red). To move the skeleton, the tension created by the contraction of the fibers in most skeletal muscles is transferred to the tendons. The brachoradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion. Its origin extends below to within 2.5cm of the margin of the articular surface of the humerus at the elbow joint. 1-Arm Kettlebell Reverse Curl. The opposite. We describe muscles that work together to create a movement as synergists. In real life, outside of anatomical position, we move our body in all kinds of creative and interesting ways. The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint and elbow joint. In addition, a small lateral portion of the muscle is innervated by the radial nerve (C7). The tendons are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. brachialis, brachioradialis. If you are experiencing pain in the front of your elbow due to a brachialis injury, you may benefit from using electrical stimulation to the area. During flexing of the forearm, the triceps brachii is the antagonist muscle, resisting the movement of the forearm up towards the shoulder. Legal. Consider, for example, the names of the two orbicularis muscles (orbicularis oris and oribicularis oculi), where part of the first name of both muscles is the same. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. It works closely with your biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles to ensure that your elbow bends properly. The brachialis is a muscle in the front of your elbow that flexes, or bends, the joint. Contraction will move limbs associated with that joint. It is also attached to the intermuscular septa of the armon either side, with a more extensive attachment to the medial intermuscular septum. antagonist: acromio-deltoid, supraspinatus, teres major (medial rotation of humerous), synergist: subscapularis, clavodeltoid Synergists are useful because they fix certain joints to allow a range of contractions, in contrast with the sheer power of an agonist contraction that limits the range of possible movements. As we begin to study muscles and their actions, its important that we dont forget that our body functions as a whole organism. The function of the brachialis is to flex your elbow especially when your forearm is in the pronated, or palm down, position. alis] Etymology: Gk, brachion, arm a muscle of the upper arm, covering the distal half of the humerus and the anterior part of the elbow joint. Another example is the orbicularis oculi, one of which surrounds each eye. The majority of skeletal muscles in the body have this type of organization. The first part of orbicularis, orb (orb = circular), is a reference to a round or circular structure; it may also make one think of orbit, such as the moons path around the earth. They insert onto the cartilage found around the face. The humerus and the capsule of the elbow joint lie posterior to the muscle. When exercising, it is important to first warm up the muscles. Antagonists . The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis flex the elbow. The brachialis is the only pure flexor of the elbow jointproducing the majority of force during elbow flexion. Brachialis receives innervation from the musculocutaneous (C5,C6) and radial nerves (C7) and its vascular supply from the brachial, radial recurrent arteries and branches of the inferior ulnar collateral arteries. Pennatemuscles (penna = feathers) blend into a tendon that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length, somewhat like the quill of a feather with the muscle arranged similar to the feathers. The biceps is a large muscle situated on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Cross section. antagonist: extensor digitorum, edm, synergist: fcr This motion is used for precision movements such as lowering a teacup onto a flat surface carefully. The brachialis muscle may also be heated with a device called ultrasound. However, to flex the knee joint, an opposite or antagonistic set of muscles called the hamstrings is activated. We have a course that teaches you65 musclesinhigh-quality 3Dmodels. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. See Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) for a list of some agonists and antagonists. The large mass at the center of a muscle is called the belly. It has a large cross sectional area, and is able to produce more strength than the biceps brachii. For example, the deltoid muscle on the lateral side of the upper arm causes abduction of the shoulder. The brachialis muscle is a prime flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. A common cause of this injury in climbers is reaching (hyperextending the elbow) and then pulling their body weight upwards by flexing the elbow joint, such as in rock climbing. 2019;25:4186-4192. doi:10.12659/MSM.916455. Compare biceps brachii, triceps brachii . Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. In this sense, the bone acts as a lever with the attached muscle fibers contraction, driving movement. If you continue to experience pain or limited mobility after that time, you should check in with your healthcare provider for further assessment. By understanding the anatomy and function of the brachialis muscle, you can be sure to have a successful rehab process and quickly and safely return to your previous level of activity. Read more. Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs, called antagonistic pairs.As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.An example of an antagonistic pair is the biceps and triceps; to contract, the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm."Reverse motions" need antagonistic pairs located in opposite sides of a joint or bone, including abductor-adductor pairs and flexor .

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